Harmonic oscillator in quantum mechanics

 

 

 

harmonic oscillator in classical mechanics

• 고전역학에서의 조화진동자(고전역학에서의 가적분성 항목 참조)

• 질량 m, frequency \(\omega\) 인 조화진동자
  
• 해밀토니안
  \(H(p,q)=\frac{p^2}{2m}+\frac{m}{2}\omega^{2}q^2\)
  
• 해밀턴 방정식
  \(\dot{q}=\partial H/\partial p=\frac{p}{m}\)
  \(\dot{p}=-\partial H/\partial q=-m\omega^{2}q\)
  
• 운동방정식
  \(\ddot{x}=-\omega^{2} x\) 즉 \(\ddot{x}+\omega^{2} x=0\)
  

 

 

creation and annhilation operators

• the position operators and momentum operators satisfy the relation
  \([X,P] = X P - P X = i \hbar\)Heisenberg group and Heisenberg algebra
  
• define operators as follows
  \(a =\sqrt{m\omega \over 2\hbar} \left(x + {i \over m \omega} p \right)\)
  \(a^{\dagger} =\sqrt{m \omega \over 2\hbar} \left( x - {i \over m \omega} p \right)\)
  
• Hamiltonian
  \(H = \hbar \omega \left(a^{\dagger}a + 1/2\right)\)
  
• Commutation relation
  \(\left[a , a^{\dagger} \right] = 1\)
  \(\left[ H, a \right]= - \hbar \omega a\)
  \(\left[ H, a^\dagger \right] = \hbar \omega a^\dagger\)
  

 

 

energy  eigenstates

• Assume that Planck’s constant equals 1
  

• a harmonic oscillator that vibrates with frequency \(\omega\) can have energy \(1/2\omega, (1 +1/2)\omega, (2 +1/2)\omega,(3 +1/2)\omega,\cdots\) in units where
  
• The lowest energy is not zero! It’s \(\omega/2\). This is called the ground state energy of the oscillator.
  

 

 

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history

• http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&tbs=tl:1&q=

 

 

 

 

encyclopedia

• http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/양자조화진동자
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_harmonic_oscillator
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
• http://www.scholarpedia.org/
• http://www.proofwiki.org/wiki/
• Princeton companion to mathematics(Companion_to_Mathematics.pdf)

 

 

books

 

• 2010년 books and articles
  
• http://gigapedia.info/1/
• http://gigapedia.info/1/
• http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_gw?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&field-keywords=

 

 

 

 

 

articles

 

• http://www.ams.org/mathscinet
• http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/
• http://arxiv.org/
• http://www.pdf-search.org/
• http://pythagoras0.springnote.com/
• http://math.berkeley.edu/~reb/papers/index.html
• http://dx.doi.org/

 

 

question and answers(Math Overflow)

• http://mathoverflow.net/search?q=
• http://mathoverflow.net/search?q=

 

 

blogs

• 구글 블로그 검색
  
  • http://blogsearch.google.com/blogsearch?q=
    
  • http://blogsearch.google.com/blogsearch?q=
• http://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/HomePage

 

 

experts on the field

• http://arxiv.org/

 

 

links

• Detexify2 - LaTeX symbol classifier
• 수식표현 안내
• The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
• http://functions.wolfram.com/