오일러-맥클로린 공식
간단한 소개
- 수열의 합과 적분을 연결해주는 공식
\(\sum_{i=0}^{n-1} f(i) = \int^n_0f(x)\,dx+B_1(f(n)-f(0))+\sum_{k=2}^p\frac{B_k}{k!}\left(f^{(k-1)}(n)-f^{(k-1)}(0)\right)+R\)
\(\left|R\right|\leq\frac{2}{(2\pi)^{2(p+1)}}\int_0^n\left|f^{(p)}(x)\right|\,dx\)
\(B_0=1\), \(B_1=-{1 \over 2}\), \(B_2={1\over 6}\), \(B_3=0\), \(B_4=-\frac{1}{30}\), \(B_5=0\), \(B_6=\frac{1}{42}\), \(B_8=-\frac{1}{30}\), \(B_{10}=\frac{5}{66}\), \(B_{12}=-\frac{691}{2730}\),\(B_{14}=\frac{7}{6}\)
\(\frac{B_k}{k!}\) 는 {1, -1/2, 1/12, 0, -1/720, 0, 1/30240, 0, -1/1209600, 0, 1/47900160, 0, -691/1307674368000, 0, 1/74724249600}
\(\sum_{i=0}^{n-1} f(i) = \int^n_0f(x)\,dx-\frac{1}{2}(f(n)-f(0))+\frac{1}{12}(f'(n)-f'(0))-\frac{1}{720}(f^{(3)}(n)-f^{(3)}(0))+\frac{1}{30240}(f^{(5)}(n)-f^{(5)}(0))-\frac{1}{1209600}(f^{(7)}(n)-f^{(7)}(0))\)
응용
바젤 문제
- 오일러는 위의 공식을, 아래의 계산이 맞음을 확인하는데 활용
\(\sum_{1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^2}=\frac{\pi^2}{6}\)
\(\int f(x)\,dx=-\frac{1}{x}\), \(f(x)=\frac{1}{x^2}\), \(f'(x)=-\frac{2}{x^3}\), \(f^{(2)}(x)=\frac{6}{x^4}\), \(f^{(3)}(x)=-\frac{24}{x^5}\), \(f^{(k-1)}(x)=(-1)^{k-1}\frac{k!}{x^{k+1}}\)
\(\frac{B_k}{k!}\left(f^{(k-1)}(n)-f^{(k-1)}(1)\right) =(-1)^{k-1}B_k(\frac{1}{n^{k+1}}-1) \)
\(\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \frac{1}{k^2} = -(\frac{1}{n}-1) -\frac{1}{2}(1/n^2-1)-\frac{1}{6}(1/n^3-1)-\frac{1}{30}(\frac{1}{n^5}-1)-\frac{1}{42}(\frac{1}{n^7}-1) \cdots = 1+1/2+1/6-1/5+\)
\(B_0=1\), \(B_1=-{1 \over 2}\), \(B_2={1\over 6}\), \(B_3=0\), \(B_4=-\frac{1}{30}\), \(B_5=0\), \(B_6=\frac{1}{42}\), \(B_8=-\frac{1}{30}\), \(B_{10}=\frac{5}{66}\), \(B_{12}=-\frac{691}{2730}\),\(B_{14}=\frac{7}{6}\)
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참고할만한 자료
- Euler-Maclaurin summation formula (pdf)
- E. Hairer (Author), G. Wanner
- From Analysis by Its History, 160-169p
- Dances between continuous and discrete: Euler's summation formula
- David J. Pengelley
- in: Robert Bradley and Ed Sandifer (Eds), Proceedings, Euler 2K+2 Conference (Rumford, Maine, 2002) , Euler Society, 2003.
- An Elementary View of Euler's Summation Formula
- Tom M. Apostol
- The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 106, No. 5 (May, 1999), pp. 409-418
- The Euler-Maclaurin and Taylor Formulas: Twin, Elementary Derivations
- Vito Lampret
- Mathematics Magazine, Vol. 74, No. 2 (Apr., 2001), pp. 109-122
- An Euler Summation Formula
- Irwin Roman
- The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 43, No. 1 (Jan., 1936), pp. 9-21
- http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/오일러
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_summation_formula
- http://viswiki.com/en/
- http://front.math.ucdavis.edu/search?a=&t=&c=&n=40&s=Listings&q=
- http://www.ams.org/mathscinet/search/publications.html?pg4=AUCN&s4=&co4=AND&pg5=TI&s5=&co5=AND&pg6=PC&s6=&co6=AND&pg7=ALLF&co7=AND&Submit=Search&dr=all&yrop=eq&arg3=&yearRangeFirst=&yearRangeSecond=&pg8=ET&s8=All&s7=
- 다음백과사전 http://enc.daum.net/dic100/search.do?q=
- 대한수학회 수학 학술 용어집
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