자코비 세타함수
개요
- <math>q=e^{2\pi i \tau}</math>, <math>x=e^{\pi i \tau}</math>라 두자
- 세타함수의 정의 (spectral decomposition of heat kernel)
- <math>\theta(\tau)=\theta_3(\tau)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty q^{n^2/2}=\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty x^{n^2}= \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty e^{\pi i n^2\tau}</math>
- <math>\theta_{2}(\tau)= \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty q^{(n+\frac{1}{2})^2/2}</math>
- <math>\theta_{4}(\tau)= \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty (-1)^n q^{n^2/2}</math>
- 자코비는 이를 통하여 타원함수론을 전개
- 응용으로 자코비의 네 제곱수 정리, 퐁슬레의 정리 등의 증명에 사용됨
- 모듈라 형식(modular forms)의 예
- 제1종타원적분 K (complete elliptic integral of the first kind), 타원적분의 singular value k와 밀접한 관계를 가짐:<math>K(k(\tau)) = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{d\theta}{\sqrt{1-k^2 \sin^2\theta}} = \frac{\pi}{2}\theta_3^2(\tau)</math>:<math>k=k(\tau)=\frac{\theta_2^2(\tau)}{\theta_3^2(\tau)}</math>
많이 사용되는 또다른 정의
- 전통적인 세타함수:<math>\theta(\tau)=\theta_3(\tau)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty q^{n^2/2}= \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty e^{\pi i n^2\tau}</math>
- 현대의 수학문헌에서는 다음과 같은 함수도 같은 이름으로 자주 사용됨:<math>\Theta(\tau)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty q^{n^2}= \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty e^{2\pi i n^2\tau}\,\quad (q=e^{2\pi i \tau})</math>
- <math>\Theta(\tau)</math> 는 <math>\Gamma_0(4)</math>에 대한 모듈라 형식이 됨:<math>\Gamma_0(4) = \left\{ \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix} \in SL_2(\mathbf{Z}) : \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix} \equiv \begin{pmatrix} {*} & {*} \\ 0 & {*} \end{pmatrix} \pmod{4} \right\}</math>
여러가지 공식들
- <math>\theta_2^4(q)+\theta_4^4(q)=\theta_3^4(q)</math>
- <math>\theta_3^2(q^2)+\theta_2^2(q^2)=\theta_3^2(q)</math>
- <math>\theta_3^2(q^2)-\theta_2^2(q^2)=\theta_3^2(q)</math>
세타함수의 모듈라 성질
- 정리
세타함수는 다음의 변환 성질을 만족한다
- <math>\theta(-\frac{1}{\tau})=\sqrt{\frac{\tau}{i}} \theta({\tau})=\sqrt{-i\tau}\theta({\tau})</math> 여기서 <math>-\frac{\pi}{4}<\arg \sqrt{-i\tau}<\frac{\pi}{4}</math> 이 되도록 선택
- 증명
포아송의 덧셈 공식을 사용한다.
- <math>\sum_{n\in \mathbb Z}f(n)=\sum_{n\in \mathbb Z}\hat{f}(n)</math>
<math>f(x)=e^{\pi i x^2\tau}</math>의 푸리에 변환은 다음과 같이 주어진다.
- <math>\hat{f}(\xi)=\sqrt{\frac{i}{\tau}}e^{-\pi i\frac{\xi^2}{\tau}}</math>
따라서
- <math>\theta(\tau)= \sum_{n\in \mathbb Z} \exp(\pi i n^2\tau)=\sum_{n\in \mathbb Z}f(n)=\sum_{n\in \mathbb Z}\hat{f}(n)=\sqrt{\frac{i}{\tau}}\sum_{n\in \mathbb Z}e^{-\pi i n^2 \frac{1}{\tau}}=\sqrt{\frac{i}{\tau}}\theta(-\frac{1}{\tau})</math> ■
- <math>\tau=iy, y>0</math> 으로 쓰면, 다음과 같이 표현된다 :<math>\theta(\frac{i}{y})=\sqrt{y} \theta({iy})</math>
- <math>\Gamma(2)</math>에 대한 모듈라 형식이 됨:<math>\Gamma(2) = \left\{ \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix} \in SL_2(\mathbf{Z}) : \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix} \equiv \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \pmod{2} \right\}</math>
더 일반적인 모듈라 변환
더 일반적으로, <math>ad-bc=1</math>, <math>ab\equiv 0\pmod 2</math>, <math>cd\equiv 0\pmod 2</math>, <math>c>0</math>인 정수 a,b,c,d에 대하여 다음이 성립한다
- <math>\theta \left( \frac {a\tau+b} {c\tau+d}\right) =\epsilon(c,d) \sqrt{-i\left(c\tau+d\right)}\theta(\tau) \label{mod}</math>
여기서 <math>-\frac{\pi}{4}<\arg \sqrt{-i(c\tau+d)}<\frac{\pi}{4}</math> 이 되도록 선택하며 (<math>\Re\left(-i(c\tau+d)\right) >0</math>이다),
- <math>\epsilon(c,d)=\frac{\sqrt{c}}{S(-d,c)}</math>
이고 <math>S(p,q)=\sum_{r=0}^{q-1} e^{\pi i pr^2/q}</math>는 가우스 합.
cusp에서의 행동과 가우스합
0 근방에서의 행동
- <math>y>0</math>가 매우 작을 때,
- <math>\theta(iy)\sim \frac{1}{\sqrt{y}}</math>
(증명) :<math>\theta(\frac{i}{y})=\sqrt{y} \theta({iy})</math> ■
일반적인 유리수(cusp)에서의 행동
- <math>pq</math>가 짝수인 자연수 p,q에 대하여 <math>y>0</math>가 매우 작을 때,
- <math>\theta(\frac{p}{q}+iy)\sim \frac{1}{q}S(p,q)\frac{1}{\sqrt{y}}</math> 여기서 <math>S(p,q)=\sum_{r=0}^{q-1} e^{\pi i pr^2/q}</math>는 가우스 합. 다음과 같이 쓸 수 있다
- <math>\lim_{\epsilon \to 0}\sqrt{\epsilon} \theta(\frac{p}{q}+i\epsilon)=\frac{1}{q}S(p,q)</math>:<math>\lim_{\epsilon \to 0}\sqrt{\epsilon} \theta(-\frac{p}{q}+i\epsilon)=\frac{1}{q}\overline{S(p,q)}</math>
- 이 정리에 세타함수의 모듈라 성질을 적용하면, 가우스합의 상호법칙을 얻는다
- <math>
\sqrt{q}\overline{S(q,p)}=e^{-\pi i/4}\sqrt{p}S(p,q) </math>
증명1
<math>\tau =\frac{p}{q}+i y</math>와 다음의 행렬
- <math>
\left( \begin{array}{cc} a & b \\ q & -p \\ \end{array} \right) </math> 에 모듈라 성질 \ref{mod}를 적용하면, 다음을 얻는다
- <math>
\theta \left(\frac{a}{q}+\frac{i}{q^2 y}\right)= \frac{\sqrt{q}}{S(p,q)} \sqrt{q y}\theta \left(\frac{p}{q}+i y\right)=\frac{q \sqrt{y}}{S(p,q)}\theta \left(\frac{p}{q}+i y\right) </math> ■
증명2
다음을 생각하자
- <math>\theta(\frac{p}{q}+i\epsilon)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty e^{\pi i n^2(\frac{p}{q}+i\epsilon)}= \left(\sum_{r=0}^{q-1}e^{\pi i p r^2/q}\right)\left(\sum_{l=-\infty}^\infty e^{-\pi \epsilon (ql+r)^2}\right)</math>
여기서 <math>n=ql+r</math>로 두었음.
따라서,
- <math>\sqrt{\epsilon} \theta(\frac{p}{q}+i\epsilon)=\left(\frac{1}{q} \sum_{r=0}^{q-1}e^{i\pi p r^2/q}\right)\left(\sum_{l=-\infty}^\infty e^{-\pi \epsilon (ql+r)^2} (\sqrt{\epsilon}q)\right).</math>
여기서 <math>\Delta{x}=\sqrt{\epsilon}q</math>로 두면,
- <math>\sum_{l=-\infty}^\infty e^{-\pi \epsilon (ql+r)^2} ( \sqrt{\epsilon}q)=\sum_{x\in\sqrt{\epsilon}(q\mathbb{Z}+r)}e^{-\pi x^2}\Delta x.\label{thg}</math>
\ref{thg}에서 <math>\epsilon \to 0</math>을 취하면 리만합은 1차원 가우시안 적분 으로 수렴하게 된다. 따라서
- <math>\lim_{\epsilon \to 0}\sqrt{\epsilon} \theta(\frac{p}{q}+i\epsilon)=\left(\frac{1}{q} \sum_{r=0}^{q-1}e^{i\pi p r^2/q}\right)(\int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-\pi x^2}\,dx)=\frac{1}{q}S(p,q)</math> ■
세타함수의 삼중곱 정리(triple product)
데데킨트 에타함수와의 관계
<math>\theta(\tau)=\frac{\eta(\tau)^5}{\eta(2\tau)^2\eta(\frac{\tau}{2})^2}</math>
삼중곱 공식을 이용
<math>\theta(\tau)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty q^{n^2/2}=\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty x^{n^2}=\prod_{m=1}^\infty \left( 1 - x^{2m}\right) \left( 1 + x^{2m-1}\right) \left( 1 + x^{2m-1}\right)</math>
<math>q=e^{2\pi i \tau}</math>, <math>x=e^{\pi i \tau}</math>
- 데데킨트 에타함수 참조
singular value k와의 관계
<math>k=k(\tau)=\frac{\theta_2^2(\tau)}{\theta_3^2(\tau)}</math>
<math>k'=\sqrt{1-k^2}=\frac{\theta_4^2(\tau)}{\theta_3^2(\tau)}</math>
세타함수와 AGM iteration
<math>\frac{\theta_3^2(q)+\theta_4^2(q)}{2}=\theta_3^2(q^2)</math>
<math>\sqrt{\theta_3^2(q)\theta_4^2(q)}=\theta_4^2(q^2)</math>
따라서 <math>a_n=\theta_3^2(q^{2^n}),b_n=\theta_4^2(q^{2^n})</math> 라 하면, <math>a_n, b_n</math>은 AGM iteration 을 만족하고 <math>\lim_{n\to\infty}a_n=1</math>이고, <math>1=M(\theta_3^2(q),\theta_4^2(q))</math>가 된다.
제1종타원적분과의 관계
(정리)
주어진 <math>0<k<1</math> 에 대하여, <math>k=k(q)=\frac{\theta_2^2(q)}{\theta_3^2(q)}</math>를 만족시키는 <math>q</math>가 존재한다. 이 때,
<math>M(1,k')=\theta_3^{-2}(q)</math> 와 <math>K(k) = \frac{\pi}{2}\theta_3^2(q)</math>가 성립한다.
여기서 <math>K(k)</math>는 제1종타원적분 K (complete elliptic integral of the first kind).
(증명)
<math>1=M(\theta_3^2(q),\theta_4^2(q))=\theta_3^{2}(q)M(1,\frac{\theta_4^2(q)}{\theta_3^2(q)})=\theta_3^{2}(q)M(1,k')</math>
그러므로, <math>M(1,k')=\theta_3^{-2}(q)</math>이다.
한편, 란덴변환에 의해 <math>K(k)=\frac{\pi}{2M(1,\sqrt{1-k^2})}</math>가 성립(산술기하평균함수(AGM)와 파이값의 계산 , 란덴변환(Landen's transformation) 참조)하므로, <math>K(k) = \frac{\pi}{2}\theta_3^2(q)</math>도 증명된다. (증명끝)
special values
<math>\theta_3(i)=\frac{\sqrt[4]{\pi}}{\Gamma(\frac{3}{4})}=1.08643481121\cdots</math>
(증명)
감마함수의 다음 성질을 사용하면<math>\Gamma(1-z) \; \Gamma(z) = {\pi \over \sin{(\pi z)}} \,\!</math>
<math>\Gamma(\frac{1}{4})\Gamma(\frac{3}{4}) = \sqrt{2}{\pi} </math>
위에서 증명한 제1종타원적분 K (complete elliptic integral of the first kind)과의 관계로부터
<math>K(k(\tau)) = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{d\theta}{\sqrt{1-k^2 \sin^2\theta}} = \frac{\pi}{2}\theta_3^2(\tau)</math>
<math>\frac{\pi}{2}\theta_3^2(i)=K(k_1)=K(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}})=\frac{1}{4}B(1/4,1/4)=\frac{\Gamma(\frac{1}{4})^2}{4\sqrt{\pi}}</math>
<math>\theta_3^2(i)=\frac{\Gamma(\frac{1}{4})^2}{2{\pi}^{3/2}}=\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{\Gamma(\frac{3}{4})^2}</math> ■
<math>\theta_3(i)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty e^{-\pi n^2}=1+2\sum_{n=1}^\infty e^{-\pi n^2}=\frac{\sqrt[4]{\pi}}{\Gamma(\frac{3}{4})}</math>
재미있는 사실
<math>f(\tau)=1+2\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}e^{\pi i n \tau}</math>
<math>f(i)=1+2\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} e^{-n\pi}= \frac{e^{\pi} + 1} {e^{\pi} - 1}</math>
<math>\theta(\tau)= \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty e^{\pi i n^2\tau}</math>
<math>\theta(i)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty e^{-\pi n^2}=1+2\sum_{n=1}^\infty e^{-\pi n^2}=\frac{\sqrt[4]{\pi}}{\Gamma(\frac{3}{4})}</math>
<math>\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} e^{-\pi n}=\frac{e^{\pi}}{e^{\pi}-1}</math>
<math>\sum_{n=0}^\infty e^{-\pi n^2}=\frac{\sqrt[4]{\pi}}{2\Gamma(\frac{3}{4})}+\frac{1}{2}</math>
<math>\sum_{n=0}^\infty e^{-\pi n^3}=?</math>
<math>\sum_{n=0}^\infty e^{-\pi n^4}=?</math>
관련된 항목들
- 타원함수
- 자코비 세타함수와 자코비 형식
- AGM과 파이값의 계산
- 제1종타원적분 K (complete elliptic integral of the first kind)
- 이차형식
- 모듈라 형식(modular forms)
- 격자의 세타함수
매스매티카 파일 및 계산 리소스
관련도서
- A First Course in Modular Forms (Graduate Texts in Mathematics)
- Fred Diamond and Jerry Shurman, 18-19p
- Richard Bellman, A Brief Introduction to Theta Functions
- David Mumford Tata Lectures on Theta I,II,III
사전 형태의 자료
- http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_functions
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
- http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=
- NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions
관련논문
- Kazuhide Matsuda, Derivative formulas for <math>Γ(3), Γ(4), Γ(5)</math> and <math>Γ(6)</math>, arXiv:1606.07753 [math.CA], June 18 2016, http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.07753
- Quadratic reciprocity and the theta function (reciprocity.pdf )
- Terence Tao
- On a classical theta-function
- Tomio Kubota, Nagoya Math. J. Volume 37 (1970), 183-189
- Applications of Theta Functions to Arithmetic
- G. D. Nichols, The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 45, No. 6 (Jun. - Jul., 1938), pp. 363-368
- Karl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
- Jacobi's Four Square Theorem. (Also available in postscript format [11 pages].) [CONSTRUCTION IN PROGRESS]
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노트
말뭉치
- See Jacobi theta functions (notational variations) for further discussion.[1]
- More broadly, this section includes quasi-doubly periodic functions (such as the Jacobi theta functions) and other functions useful in the study of elliptic functions.[2]
- JacobiTheta(j, z, tau) , rendered as θ j ( z , τ ) \theta_{j}\!\left(z , \tau\right) θ j ( z , τ ) , denotes a Jacobi theta function.[3]
- There are four Jacobi theta functions, identified by the index j ∈ { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 } j \in \left\{1, 2, 3, 4\right\} j ∈ { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 } .[3]
- The values of the Jacobi theta functions at z = 0 z = 0 z = 0 are known as theta constants.[3]
- ( z , τ ) , represents the order r r r derivative of the Jacobi theta function with respect to the argument z z z .[3]
- The following table illustrates the quasi-double periodicity of the Jacobi theta functions.[4]
- Any Jacobi theta function of given arguments can be expressed in terms of any other two Jacobi theta functions with the same arguments.[4]
- The plots above show the Jacobi theta functions plotted as a function of argument and nome restricted to real values.[4]
- The Jacobi theta functions satisfy an almost bewilderingly large number of identities involving the four functions, their derivatives, multiples of their arguments, and sums of their arguments.[4]
- Previously, we proved an addition formula for the Jacobi theta function, which allows us to recover many important classical theta function identi- ties.[5]
- We rst need to introduce the Jacobi theta functions.[5]
- Let 1, 2, 3, and 4 be the Jacobi theta functions.[5]
- This identity includes many well-known addition formulas for the Jacobi theta functions.[5]
- We use Jacobi theta functions to construct examples of Jacobi forms over number fields.[6]
- We determine the behavior under modular transformations by regarding certain coefficients of the Jacobi theta functions as specializations of symplectic theta functions.[6]
- In addition, we show how sums of those Jacobi theta functions appear as a single coefficient of a symplectic theta function.[6]
- For those parameters for which this equation reduces to the heat equation, Θ(x,t) reduces to the third Jacobi Theta function.[7]
- They generalize modular forms, have an associated weight and index (which is a positive half-integer), and include the classical Jacobi theta function.[8]
- We rst recall some properties of the Jacobi theta function.[8]
- Previously, we proved an addition formula for the Jacobi theta function, which allows us to recover many important classical theta function identities.[9]
- This section is about a more general theta function, called the Jacobi theta function.[10]
- The Jacobi theta function has the following properties: Two-fold periodicity in z (up to a phase, for xed ).[10]
소스
- ↑ Theta function
- ↑ Elliptic functions — mpmath 1.2.0 documentation
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Jacobi theta functions
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Jacobi Theta Functions -- from Wolfram MathWorld
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Pacific
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Jacobi Theta Functions over Number Fields
- ↑ A generalized jacobi theta function
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Rank two false theta functions and jacobi forms of
- ↑ [PDF Addition formulas for Jacobi theta functions, Dedekind’s eta function, and Ramanujan’s congruences]
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Notes on the poisson summation formula, theta
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